Origins Of Engineering

Engineering is a kind of discipline that aims to abtain and apply scientific and technical knowledge to the design analysis and construction of variety of works for practical purposes. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of specialised subdisciplines that focus on the issues associated with developing a specific kind of product, or using a specific type of technology. In prehistoric times, men and women had to be ingenious in order to survive hunger, enemies, climate and, later, the tyrrany of distance. So there have always been 'engineers' around, many of whom were involved in activities we would not associate with engineering today but, rather, with hunting, farming, fishing, fighting, implement- and tool-making, transportation and many other things. Engineering can be considered as the combination of science and design in oredert o invent practical objects.In the earliest times, engineering started with the invention of the basic things such as wheel, pulley etc. At early times engineering was seperated in to two main branches (military and non- military (civil) engineering). By the rise of the industrial revolution and development of the sophisticated machines and tools during the revolution, mechanical engineering was emerged and after the nineteenth century, engineering were started to be applied to science and mathematics. In a similar manner, besides civil and military engineering mechanical engineering was added a a new branch of engineering. The new experiments and developments and revolution give rise different approaches and branches to engineering.

Beginning Of Engineering Education

Before people’s being starded to be educated as engineers to build things, inventors and engineers worked without formal education. For example James Watt (Who has an extremely important role in the development of industrial engineering) only passed one year at London as an apprentice instrument maker for the rest he gained the knowledge by reading and by his own inventions.

After the fast grown of artillery and fortifications complexity increased and officers were started to be training in mathematics and mechanics.Then this trend was gradually started to be applied for civil engineering.(Three year program School of Bridges and Highways in France was founded).Actual history of engineering education was emerged in America. BEfore the foundation of military academi, military engineering was started to be taught.Then cıontinued by taking the engineering education in France as a model.

Especially after the II. World War, and The explosion of engineering research was exploded and the importance of engineering education increased. By the help of sophisticated Technologies, engineers upgraded themselves by reforming engineering education and research.

Engineering As A Profession

The engineering profession is considered to be self-regulating because engineers themselves have been given the authority by law to set and enforce standards for licensing and practice. Actually, engineering as a profession is the occupation which means the operation of service given to people in terms of creating and inventing new things and introduce the production by planning, designing and managing.

What Engineers Do?

Engineers are both problem solvers and designers. They combine technology and science in order to solve and create. Everything around us wheather less or more visible is the product of engineering. For example the buildings around us created by civil engineers are obvious, while designing, planning and controlling a manufacturing process made by industrial engineers which does not seem so obvious are all products of engineering.The fact that engineers mostly work in teams requires engineers to be responsible for communication, understanding, planning, creating, and testing.Engineers should follow the changes both in the technology and science in order to respond the people’s need. Creativity, acedemic knowledge, efficiency are the core values of the engineerig in order to satisfy the people’s demands.

Types Of Engineers

• Aeronautical or Astronautical engineers-

Study jet engines and aircraft design. They may also work on applications for space missions.

• Agricultural engineers-

Design farm equipment, animal shelters, crop systems, and product processing systems.

• Chemical Engineers

Develop processes and products made with chemicals perhaps in the food, petroleum, or pharmaceutical industries.

• Civil engineers-

Design roads, buildings, transportation systems, and other large-scale construction projects. Categories within this area may include structural, environmental, geological, hydraulic, transportation and construction engineering.

• electrical and computer engineers-

Design, construct, and maintain electronic systems, which may include working with computer chips, circuits and electronic communications.

• Geological engineers-

Solves earth related technical problems while at the same time protecting the environment.

• Industrial engineers-

Plan and design industrial and business facilities for the best product quality and employee working conditions.

• Materials engineers-

Study metals, ceramics, plastics, and composites to design materials for applications that may involve transportation, communication or power production.

• Mechanical engineers-

Create machines and may work on transportation systems, power production or performance analysis.

• Nuclear engineers-

Work with nuclear reactors, fusion and radiation applications.

Indusrtial engineers control, plan, test many types of the manufacturing systems and service sectors.Not only procuding a product is sufficent to be named as a production but also introducing this product as a service to the people’s demand is necessary. Many of the things that are produced by the other branches of the engineering are turned into services by both engineering knowledge and business information that belong to indusrtial engineers.

References:
1-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering
2-http://www.new-sng.com/history.cfm
3-http://www.creatingtechnology.org/history3.htm
4-ace.acadiau.ca/apsc/Prospective%20students/profession_of_engineering.htm
5-http://appsci.queensu.ca/prospective/engineering/info/
6-http://www.ie.psu.edu/Academics/Undergraduate/IEIntro/Questions/Q2.htm
7http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/toki/teched/vtypes.htm

If I were prefer to be one of these people I would prefer Abraham Maslow because Maslow’s idea is really realistic in the way that people’ neeeds are distributed in terms of hierarchy. When people actualized their basic needs then they will be able to consider about the other and needs that are mostly related to to the personal improvement of the people. This idea can easily be adapted to the management policies. This idea would be very usefull for directors and managers in termsof administering workers’ improvements. Although this will be an indirect way, this idea could be the basis for the development of the production techniques in terms of labor.

Some Relations can be considered between these 6 VIP people:

Henry Ford and Frederick Winslow Taylor can be considered in some common ways. After the adaptation of the T- model cars to the market, the popularity of the car increased and Ford started to think about satisfaying the demands in a more practical way by developing a different way of production. He used the the idea of Taylor which means that Every employee is work for the one part of the product, in other words each employee will concentrate on one part of the work so the productivity of labor.

Also this division of labor principle was supported by the time studies which are performed by the pair of Ford and Taylor in order to decrease the waste effort of the workers.

The other relationship can be constructed between Taylor and Gilbreths (Frank Bunker GILBRETH- Lillian Moller GILBRETH) but this time in terms of difference. Taylor perception about yhe labor efficiency was a little bit mechanic, Taylor only considered about the time of the production process without taking the workers physchological situation of the employees. When we considered about Gilbreths they also work on the time and amount of the motion during the production process but by the effect of Lillian Moller Gilbreth’s being a psycholog caused the difference. While their motion and time studies they also thought about the psychological sides of the workers in order to increase the efficieny and productivity.

Abraham MASLOW

"Human nature is not nearly as bad as it has been thought to be."

“I was awfully curious to find out why I didn't go insane”

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow who was born in Brooklyn is one of the founders of the humanistic psychology.After his college years at Wisconsin where he conducted researches about primate doöinance and sexuality,continued his studies in similar area at Columbia University by taking Alfred Adler as a mentor.

During his years in Brooklyn, he found two mentors anthropologist Ruth Benedict and Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer who were admired by Maslow professionaly and personaly.Maslow started two take notes about both these two people and their behaviours.This would be the basis of his lonflife research.He developed his researches on concepts of a heirarchy of needs, metaneeds, self-actualizing persons, and peak experiences, by using other psychologists and making significant addings to them.

According to Maslow human being’s needs are arrenged by means of importance degree.Starting from the bottom,first part is physical needs (air, water, food ,sex) the secon part includes safety needs(security, stability) and the third and the fourth are pyschological and social needsrespectively.The top is invaded by the self-actualizing needs -- the need to fulfill oneself, to become all that one is capable of becoming.According to Maslow if a person can not obtaim all of his needs in the lower part. Then the person do not care about the needs which are located in the next part. To illustrate, Someone dying of thirst quickly forgets their thirst when they have no oxygen.Moreover people who deals with the higher needs are self-actuazing people who can focus on outside of themselves and can clearly understand what is true, are very creative and aren’t bounded by social conventions.Maslow thought that when a person made real all of his needs in the first importance degree then he would start to think of the other needs in higher degree and for a person to obtain the needs in the basic category would help him to develop his personal properties in a higher degree and as a result of this by improving his personality he would be get closer to the peak degree( self acturazing).

References:
1- tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maslow_teorisi
2- http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bhmasl.html
3-http://www.businessballs.com/images/maslow's_hierarchy_businessballs.jpg

Max WEBER

Max Weber is best known as one of the leading scholars and founders of modern sociology and also an economist. He dealed with sociology of religion in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and continued with the analysis of The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, and Ancient Judaism. After his analysis on religions Weber mentioned that Calvinist (Protestan) religious ideas had had an important affects in developing social innovations and economic system of Europe and U.S. by stating that they are not the only factors in this improvement. His had studies about sociology of politics and government also.He seperated three types of political leadership, domination and authority: charismatic domination (familial and religious), traditional domination (patriarchs, patrimonalism, feudalism), and legal domination (modern law and state, bureaucracy.

While Max Weber is best known and recognised today as one of the leading scholars and founders of modern sociology, he also accomplished much in other fields, notably economics, although this is largely forgotten today among orthodox economists, who pay very little attention to his works. The view that Weber is at all influential to modern economists comes largely from non-economists and economic critics with sociology backgrounds. During his life distinctions between the social sciences were less clear than they are now, and Weber considered himself a historian and an economist first, sociologist distant second.From the view poin tof the economists Weber is thought to be a German historical school of economics. The one of the most important studies of Weber was the essay named “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” in this essay he discussed the difference between different religions and the relative wealth of their followers.The other important study of him was The theories about Verstehen (interprative sociology) and antipositivism (humanistic socilogy).

Max Weber formulated a three-component theory of stratification, with Social class, Social status and party (or politicals) as conceptually distinct elements

Social class: includes the relatioship (economical) with the market.(owner renter employee)

Status: noneconomical qualities (honur,prestige and religion)

Party: includes the political elements

Weber's other contributions to economics were several: these include a (seriously researched) economic history of Roman agrarian society, his work on the roles of idealism and materialism in the history of capitalism in his Economy and Society (1914) which present Weber's criticisms (or according to some, revisions) of some aspects of Marxism. Finally, his thoroughly researched General Economic History (1923) can be considered the Historical School at its empirical best.

References:
1-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber
2-ansiklopedi.turkcebilgi.com/Max_Weber

Henry FAYOL

Henry Fayol was born in İstanbul, he was a French management theorist and an engineer (mine director).He has taken place in English literature after his studies were translated in to English.He is one of the most important contributors of the concept of scientific management and he has proposed 5 functions of managements: 1) planning, 2) organizing, 3) commanding, 4) coordinating and 5) controlling.His book named “General and Industrial Management” is an extraordinary book that offers the first theory of general management.

According to Fayol management is a human activity which requires the same behaviour that is necessary to manage a person’s own family.Some writers associated Fayol with Taylor but Fayol states about his difference by mentioning that ” Taylor's approach differs from the one we have outlined in that he examines the firm from the "bottom up."According to Fayol “the most marked outward characteristics of functional management lies in the fact that each workman, instead of coming in direct contact with the management at one point only, … receives his daily orders and help from eight different bosses…(Fayol, 1949, p. 68.)”
1- Division of work. This principle is the same as Adam Smith's 'division of labour. Specialisation increases output by making employees more efficient.
2- Authority. Managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Note that responsibility arises wherever authority is exercised.
3- Discipline. Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organisation. Good discipline is the result of effective leadership, a clear understanding between management and workers regarding the organisation's rules,
4- Unity of command. Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.
5- Unity of direction. Each group of organisational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan.
6- Subordination of individual interests to the general interest. The interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organisation as a whole.
7- Remuneration. Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
8- Centralisation. Centralisation refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making. Whether decision making is centralised (to management) or decentralised (to subordinates) is a question of proper proportion. The task is to find the optimum degree of centralisation for each situation.
9- Scalar chain. The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain. Communications should follow this chain. However, if following the chain creates delays, cross-communications can be allowed if agreed to by all parties and superiors are kept informed.
10- Order. People and materials should be in the right place at the right time.
11- Equity. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.
12- Stability of tenure of personnel. High employee turnover is inefficient. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.
13- Initiative. Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.
14- Esprit de corps. Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organisation.

References:
1- http://everything2.net/?node_id=1021426
2- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Fayol

Frank Bunker GILBRETH- Lillian Moller GILBRETH (GILBRETHS)

One of the greatest couple of the science and engineering. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth worked in an extremeley good coorporation for the development of motion and time study as en engineering and management tecnique.Frank Gilbreth’s education was no longer than high school. He started as a bricklayer then he became a building conductor, an inventor and finally he became an occasional lecturer. He and Lillian Moller married and they started to work together. Their motion and time studies had something to do with the fact that they have extremely large family. Frank Bunker Gilbreth used himself and his family in the experiments..Gilbreth’s first trade was to find ways of making bricklaying faster and easier. To acheive this he and his wife developed 18 basic motion that involves grasp ,transport loaded, hold etc.. These motions were called “therbligs” and by creating these they aimed to develop the best method in working. These elements were studied by means of a motion-picture camera and a timing device which indicated the time intervals on the film as it was exposed. Gilbreths were, above all, scientists who sought to teach managers that all aspects of the workplace should be constantly questioned, and improvements constantly adopted. Their emphasis on the "one best way" and the therbligs predates the development of continuous quality improvement (CQI), and the late 20th century understanding that repeated motions can lead to workers experiencing repetitive motion injuries. Frank Gilbreth also designed the standart tecniques used by armies to teach recruits how to rapidly disassemble and reassemble their weapons even when blindfolded or in total darkness. These tecniques helped save millions of lives. After Frank Gilbreth's death, Dr. Lillian Gilbreth continued the work and extended it into the home in an effort to find the "one best way" to perform household tasks. She has also worked in the area of assistance to the handicaped, as, for instance, her design of an ideal kitchen layout for the person afflicted with heart disease. She is widely recognized as one of the world's great industrial and management engineers and has traveled and worked in many countries of the world.

Although it is thought that Gilbreths were inspired by Taylor’s ideas, there were some differences between the two. Taylor was like a stopwacth (koronometer) which means that Taylor generally deals with the time of the production process, while The Gilbreths aim to reduce the motions in production. For The Gilbreths welfare and psychological situation of the workers were more important. Especially Lillian Gilbreth being an industrial - organizational psychologist contributed his husband’s studies by taking into account the workers’ psychological sides in order to increase efficiency. Also Gilbreths developed the triple promotion plan which means that workers would do their own missions, get ready to be promoted and at the same time they would educate the other workers.

References:
1-http://gilbrethnetwork.tripod.com/bio.html
2-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth -
3-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bunker_Gilbreth –
4-www2.aku.edu.tr/~hozutku/sayfalar/klasik.ppt

Henry Ford and Division Of Labor

Division of labour is the specialisation of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase the productivity of labour. Historically the growth of a more and more complex division of labour is closely associated with the growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and of the complexity of industrialisation processes. Later, the division of labour reached the level of a scientifically-based management practice with the time and motion studies associated with Taylorism .The productivity gains of the division of labor are important within any type of production process, ranging from pin manufacture to software production to legal practice and medical care.The division of labor makes trade necessary and is the source of economic interdependence..

Henry Ford was the founder of the Henry Ford Motor Company which later became Cadillac and Ford Motor Company. He was the first person to implement the assembly line manifacturing tecnique to the mass production of the affordable automobiles.

In spite of the fact that he is known as the inventor of Ford automobiles, he has many inventories about automotive mechanisms. Actually his best remembered idea is the implementation of the factory assembly approach to the production which is a revolutionary step of the automobile industry because of the reducing time to assemble a car.

Ford grew up in an agricultural environment but he always had a big interest about how the things work and always had considered about the mechanisms of the machineries, he was became famous in his neighborhood for fixin the people’s wathes.

Henry Ford constructed his first steam engine at he age of 15 and then he started to work as amachinist at Detroit. Later he became a mechanical engineer and started to work witk Edison.In the following years he invented first internal combustion engine, a small one-cylinder gasoline model. However, Ford’s business adventure started by his invention of “the Quadricycle”(horseless carriage) which showed enough popularity that opened the doors of the business world to Henry Ford.

After leaving Edison in order to work for the newly developed Detroit Automobile Company that can only produce a few amount of cars Henry Ford decides to work for his own racing car. While his studies in Henry Ford Company he shought for incorporate ideas from different industries in order to make the production process more efficent. His own racing cars were good enough to attract backers and even partners, Ford Motor Company was founded on June 16, 1903.Soon his vision of producing automobile was understood to get bigger and bigger. During the first five years Ford used a development program that started in converted wagon shop.

Henry Ford’s consideration about the future of the car production was producing affordable cars for a mass market and in a great amount. In 1907, Henry Ford announced his goal for the Ford Motor Company: to create "a motor car for the great multitude." At that time, automobiles were expensive, custom-made machines. Ford's engineers took the first step towards this goal by designing the Model T, a simple, sturdy car, offering no factory options ( not even a choice of color). The Model T was inexpensive for its day, and proved to be sturdy, reliable and easy to operate. It quickly became very popular; and soon Ford found he was unable to meet the enormous demand for his cars.

Ford had a solution about in order to satisfy the demand. The idea was moving industrial production line. By installing a moving belt in his factory, employees would be able to build cars one piece at a time, instead of one car at a time. This principle, called "division of labor," allowed workers to focus on doing one thing very well, without being responsable for the different tasks at the same time. After the adaptation of labor division, his plant incorporated the first moving assembly line. In addition to the moving assembly line, Ford revolutionized the auto industry by increasing the pay and decreasing the hours of his employees, ensuring he could get enough and the best workers. (at that time Ford gives a wage of 5 dollars per day which is enormous at that time). Perhaps Ford Motor Company's single greatest contribution to automotive manufacturing was the moving assembly line. The new technique allowed individual workers to stay in one place and perform the same task repeatedly on multiple vehicles that passed by them. This innovation, although greatly increasing productivity, had resulted in a monthly labor turnover of 40 to 60 percent in his factory, largely because of the unpleasant monotony of assembly-line work and repeated increases in the production quotas assigned to workers. Ford met this difficulty by doubling the daily wage then standard in the industry, raising it from about $2.50 to $5.Ford considered the workers as “potential costumers” ( Ford gives a wage of 5 dollars per day which is an enormous amount at that time). Instead of constant turnover of employees, the best mechanics in Detroit flocked to Ford, bringing in their human capital, raising productivity, and lowering training costs. Ford called it “wage motive.”

Besides being a successful scientific business man Henry Ford dealed with politics but he was not very successful(during the World War 1 he tried to seek peace without ayn government support bu he became unsuccessful then he never ran political subjects)

The famous Ford Model T automobile ended production in 1927.. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, and the car which "put America on wheels".

Henry Ford was the founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of the modern assembly line used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry.


Mass Production Vision

Ford’s main aim was to produce cars in great amounts,at that time the automobiles were expensive and Ford’s engineers take the first step by producing very simple T models without any factory options and T models gained big interest, because from the start T model was cheaper than most of the cars.Ford then thought about the ways to produce the cars in a lower price. He and his team used the corporation of the different ideas which are: interchangeable parts, continuous flow, division of labor, and reducing wasted effort.

Interchangeable parts: The making of the individual part of the car the same at every time.This method increases the machinery while decreasing the necessity of high skilled worker.

Continuous flow of network: The production should be arranged so that one part of it finished than the next part of the production is started without losin any set up time. This could be done with a moving conveyor belt. By this way workers will spent time during production.

Division of labor: Each worker should be done only one part of the work. Assembly is divided into pieces.This increases the productivity.

Reducing waste effort: Ford studied with Frederick Taylor in order to achieve this principle. By making time studies and determining the exact speed at which the work should be done and the exact motions that workers should use to accomplish their tasks, the waste of the effort can be minimized.

Ford put these principles into play gradually over five years, fine-tuning and testing as he went along. In 1913, they came together in the first moving assembly line ever used for large-scale manufacturing. Ford produced cars at a record-breaking rate. That meant he could lower the price and still make a good profit by selling more cars.

Some Quotes From Henry Ford:
" When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes off against the wind, not with it."
" Quality means doing it right when no one is looking."
"Failure is simply the opportunity to begin again, this time more intelligently."

References:
1-http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/ford.htm
2-http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Ford
3-http://quotes4all.net/authors/henry%20ford/quotes.html
4- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_labor

Frederick Winslow Taylor

"In tomorrows enterprise the knowledge worker will be freed to release creative energy that will result in an era of enormous innovation and discovery, fulfilling the potential and promise of the mind." Frederick Winslow Taylor.

Frederick Winslow Taylor:

Frederick Winslow Taylor who can be considered as the father of the scienific management was born in Philadelphia,1865. His family was rich and his parents were quakers (the people who believe in the fact that everybody can reach and experince God themselves without meditation and the other people. In his early childhood Taylor used his quaker belief in order to solve problems and pevent problems among his friends.

Taylor always aimed to create “better solutions” against problems and always struggled to seek more efficent ways of doing something. For example he developed a harness in order to prevent from sleeping o his back and by this way in the hope of avoiding nightmares. He was very talented in maths and sports. At age twenty-five, Taylor earned an engineering degree at the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey while holding a full time job and one of the other achievements of him was his winning of the U.S. Lawn Tennis Association doubles championship where he used a patented spoon-shaped racket that he himself designed.

Despite his excellent talents in math he preferred to work as a machinist then he soon became a common laborer in Midvale Steel Company.(while wrking there he continued to his education to became an engineer ans he graduated as a mechanical engineer) While working there his aim was always to find the most efficent ways in performing a specific task(whic can be considered the basic princible of the industrial engineering).To do this he wathed how the work is done and then measured the quantity produced..Taylor was working in a period when the mass production had started to take place and small factories became large plants.The problem was The owners of the capital was eraning more and more but the workers were earning little for their affords.So this inefficent wages was causing carelesness safety, inefficiencies, and soldiering (worker foot dragging) on the job. He believed that incentive wages were no solution unless they were combined with efficient tasks that were carefully planned and easily learned. He proposed that management should work cooperatively in a supportive role. The wages should be distributed depending on the hardness of the workers’ tasks. According to him, productivity can be achieved by finding the suitable challenge for the right person and and paying well to him for increased production. He used time studies to set daily production quotas. Incentives would be paid to those reaching their daily goal. Those who didn't reach their goal would get the differential rate, a much lower pay. Taylor doubled productivity using time study, systematic controls and tools, functional foremanship, and his new wage scheme. He paid the person not the job.

Taylor’s most shiny years was in Bethlehem Iron Company. While working there he installed installing production planning, differential piece rates, and functional foremanship. He also created analysis of daily output and costs, a modern cost accounting system. He successfully implemented cost saving techniques even though he added clerks, teachers, time-study engineers, supervision and staffing support positions.

After giving up his career at Bethlehem Iron Company, Taylor chosen to work wthout paid.

He developed the book Principles Of Scientific Management”. The system described in the book was the composition of the methods which were tried by Taylor at he different companies he worked.These principles are stil being used by the consultants today.

In his last years Frederick felt misunderstood by quick-fix managers and zealous unionists, and wronged by consultant imitators. His energy was sapped by the constant attention he paid to his wife's severe illnesses.

While on a speaking tour in the Midwest, in 1915, he contracted influenza. He was admitted to a hospital in Philadelphia and celebrated his fifty-ninth birthday there. He died the next day.

Taylor and Scientific Management:

Taylor’s core values:

1The rule of reason, 2improved quality, 3lower costs, 4higher wages, 5higher output, 6labor-management cooperation, 7experimentation, 8clear tasks and goals, 9feedback, 10training, 11mutual help and support, 12stress reduction, 13the careful selection and development of people.

These values mentioned above made the Taylor first to conduct a systematic study of interactions among job requirements, tools, methods, and human skill, to fit people to jobs both psychologically and physically, and to let data and facts do the talking rather than prejudice, opinions, or egomania.

Taylor's 4 Principles of Scientific Management

After years of various experiments to determine optimal work methods, Taylor proposed the following four principles of scientific management:
1. Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.
2. Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to train themselves.
3. Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed.
4. Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks.

These principles were implemented in many factories, often increasing productivity by a factor of three or more. Henry Ford applied Taylor's principles in his automobile factories, and families even began to perform their household tasks based on the results of time and motion studies.

References:
1-http://www.netmba.com/mgmt/scientific/
2-http://www.stfrancis.edu/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/bbios/biograph/fwtaylor.htm
3-http://www.kimkimdir.gen.tr/kimkimdir.php?id=150
4-http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor